| Pontificate | Portrait | Papal Name English & Latin | Personal name & Place of birth | Notes on reign | Other events: religion | Other events: general |
| 8 April 1455 – 6 August 1458 (3 years) | 
|
Callixtus III; Papa Callistus Tertius | Alfonso de Borgia; Xàtiva, Valencia, Aragon | • First Spanish Pope; • first Borgia Pope |
• Joan of Arc burned 1431; • Gutenberg Bible 1454 (Gutenberg also printed indulgence forms) |
|
| 19 August 1458 – 15 August 1464 (5 years) | 
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Pius II; Papa Pius Secundus | Enea Silvio Piccolomini; Corsignano, Republic of Siena | |||
| 30 August 1464 – 26 July 1471 (6 years) | 
|
Paul II; Papa Paulus Secundus | Pietro Barbo; Venice | • Nephew of Eugene IV | – | • Fute-ball and golfe prohibited in Scotland |
| 9 August 1471 – 12 August 1484 (13 years) | 
|
Sixtus IV; Papa Xystus Quartus | Francesco della Rovere; Celle Ligure, Republic of Genoa | • Member of the Franciscan Order. Commissioned the restoration of what is now the Sistine Chapel | • Martin Luther b. 10 November 1483 | • Divine Comedy 1472 • Caxton prints 1st book in English 1474; Canterbury Tales, 1477 • Cesare Borgia b. 1475; Lucrezia 1480 |
| 29 August 1484 – 25 July 1492 (7 years) | 
|
Innocent VIII; Papa Innocentius Octavus | Giovanni Battista Cybo; Genoa | • Appointed Tomás de Torquemada | • Height of Spanish Inquisition • Papal bull against sorcery 1484 |
• Richard III killed at Boswarth 1485 • Columbus first sets sail 1492 • Leonardo conceives flying machine |
| 11 August 1492 – 18 August 1503 (11 years) | 
|
Alexander VI; Papa Alexander Sextus | Rodrigo de Lanzòl-Borgia; Xàtiva, Valencia, Aragon | • Second and much worse Borgia Pope; Nephew of Callixtus III. • Father to Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (by Vannozza dei Cattanei, who may have also been mistress of Cardinal Giulio della Rovere, future Pope Julius II. • Divided New World between Spain and Portugal |
• Savonarola executed and Torquemada d. 1498 | • Columbus' discoveries publicized • Leonardo draws wheel-lock musket, helicopter • Hieronymous Bosch: Garden of Earthly Delights • Leonardo: Last Supper • Michelangelo: Pietà |
| 22 September 1503 – 18 October 1503 (27 days) | 
|
Pius III; Papa Pius Tertius | Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini; Siena | • Nephew of Pius II | ||
| 31 October 1503 – 21 February 1513 (9 years) | 
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Julius II; Papa Iulius Secundus | Giuliano della Rovere; Albisola, Republic of Genoa | • Nephew of Sixtus IV • Convened the Fifth Council of the Lateran, 1512. • Took effective control of whole of the Papal States for the first time. • Proposed plans for rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica |
• Construction of new St. Peter's Basilica begun 1506 • Michelangelo painted Sistine Chapel ceiling 1508-1512 • Luther on mission to Rome 1510 |
• Macchiavelli creates Florentine militia, 1506; writes The Prince 1513. (Cesare d. 1507) • Henry VIII crowned 1509 • European slave trade begins 1509 • Holy League formed 1511 • Fifth Lateran Council begins 1512 |
| 9 March 1513 – 1 December 1521 (8 years) | 
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Leo X; Papa Leo Decimus | Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici; Florence | • Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent • Excommunicated Martin Luther 1520 • Named Henry VIII Defender of the Faith 1521 |
• 95 Theses issued October 1517 | • Copernicus develops heliocentric theory 1514 (not published until much later) • Thomas More publishes Utopia 1516 • Leonardo da Vinci d. 1519; Magellan starts on circumnavigation of world |
| 9 January 1522 – 14 September 1523 (1 year) | 
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Adrian VI; Papa Hadrianus Sextus | Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens; Utrecht, Holy Roman Empire (Netherlands) | • The only Dutch Pope • Last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978 • Tutor of Emperor Charles V |
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| 26 November 1523 – 25 September 1534 (11 years) | 
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Clement VII; Papa Clemens Septimus | Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici; Florence | • Cousin of Leo X • Forbade the divorce of Henry VIII • Crowned Charles V Emperor at Bologna in 1530 |
• Henry VIII claims rule of church 1531; annuls marriage to Catherine of Aragon, marries Anne Boleyn, 1533; excommunicated ~1535 | • Sack of Rome by imperial troops, 1527 |